The coefficient of variation (CV) was also reduced for most elements, especially for those in the epiphytic thalli, indicating that washing could produce more homogeneous samples. All elements from the unwashed samples had higher contents in the epiphytic thalli than in the epilithic thalli, but the element contents were higher in the epilithic thalli after washing. Most elements in the washed epiphytic and epilithic thalli were not comparable, indicating that the washing procedure did not produce the same order of magnitude of element contents in the epiphytic and epilithic thalli. Based on the results of this study, we recommend washing pre-exposed lichen samples for more reliable results in active biomonitoring studies of air pollution.This study was conducted to provide basic data for chemical accident response by assessing the health risks of residents living near a chemical accident site due to long-term exposure. The study considered the temporal concentration changes of the leaked chemical (i.e., its behavior in the environment and dilution) until its extinction. A virtual chemical accident was assumed, in which 40 t of formaldehyde was accidentally discharged for 1 h in Ulsan Metropolitan City, Korea. Formaldehyde concentrations over time in each environmental medium after the accident were calculated using a multimedia environmental dynamics model. Exposure subjects divided into four age groups were considered. Carcinogenic risks due to respiration and non-carcinogenic risks due to soil intake were assessed. For all the age groups, the excess cancer risk did not exceed 1.0 × 10-6, indicating that no harmful health impact was caused by inhalation exposure to formaldehyde. The hazard index exceeded 1 for all the age groups, confirming that harmful health impacts were caused by exposure to soil containing the formaldehyde. This study is the first to assess chronic health risks by reflecting long-term residual and temporal concentration changes of a pollutant released in a chemical accident in each environmental medium until its extinction. This work is also significant in that it reflects the exposure characteristics of the toxic chemical.Evaluating the bioaccumulation and health risk of heavy metals in soil-crop systems is essential in Liujiang karst regions. In the current study, the single and comprehensive uptake effects of heavy metals (i.e., Cu, Cr, Cd, As, and Zn) between rice and sugarcane and their rhizosphere soils were investigated. The estimated daily ingestion (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) were estimated for health risk assessments. The results showed that the mean contents of Cu, Cr, Cd, As, and Zn in rice soils were 25.8, 168, 1.91, 20.0, and 160 mg/kg, respectively, and those in sugarcane soils were 28.8, 186, 0.44, 31.0, and 108 mg/kg. Rice soils were mainly contaminated by Cd, and Cd and Cr were the main pollutants in sugarcane soils. The average concentrations of Cu, Cr, Cd, As, and Zn in rice grains were 1.79, 0.15, 0.16, 0.11, and 12.7 mg/kg, respectively, and in sugarcanes were 0.10, 0.036, 0.022, 0.006, and 0.38 mg/kg. Both crops tended to take up Cd more effectively, and rice grains exhibited higher accumulation capacities of heavy metals in edible part than sugarcanes. Prediction models of Cd and comprehensive accumulation factors were established for rice and sugarcane, and different soil factors affect metal accumulation in crops cultivated in different types. Due to the exposure to As and Cd through rice consumption, non-carcinogenic risks are likely to occur in Liujiang residents.Bank filtration is considered to improve water quality through microbially mediated degradation of pollutants and is suitable for waterworks to increase their production. In particular, aquifer temperatures and oxygen supply have a great impact on many microbial processes. To investigate the temporal and spatial behavior of selected organic micropollutants during bank filtration in dependence of relevant biogeochemical conditions, we have set up a 2D reactive transport model using MODFLOW and PHT3D under the user interface ORTI3D. The considered 160-m-long transect ranges from the surface water to a groundwater extraction well of the adjacent waterworks. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/isoproterenol-sulfate-dihydrate.html For this purpose, water levels, temperatures, and chemical parameters were regularly measured in the surface water and groundwater observation wells over one and a half years. To simulate the effect of seasonal temperature variations on microbial mediated degradation, we applied an empirical temperature factor, which yields a strong reduction of the degradation rate at groundwater temperatures below 11 °C. Except for acesulfame, the considered organic micropollutants are substantially degraded along their subsurface flow paths with maximum degradation rates in the range of 10-6 mol L-1 s-1. Preferential biodegradation of phenazone, diclofenac, and valsartan was found under oxic conditions, whereas carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole were degraded under anoxic conditions. This study highlights the influence of seasonal variations in oxygen supply and temperature on the fate of organic micropollutants in surface water infiltrating into an aquifer.The existing models that measure the environmental pollution impact of ecotourism suffer from the problems of low success rate and poor accuracy. We propose a new model to evaluate the environmental pollution impact better. Environmental pollution data are first obtained from the scenic areas of ecotourism. Then, based on the primary parameters of scenic spots, pollution coefficients are determined, and conversion data are used to construct a model to evaluate the pollution impact of ecotourism on scenic spots. Based on the analysis of carbon emission amounts, the monetary value of environmental pollution is determined. Experimental results are provided to show that our proposed model performs better than the existing models.The use of different types of zeolites (X, Na-P1, and 4A) synthesized by different methods and scales were tested in this work to adsorb nutrients present in synthetic solutions and industrial effluents for later application as fertilizer. Modifications with calcium chloride were performed on the zeolite with the best performance to increase its adsorption capacity. The best performing zeolite was type X (ZXH) produced on a pilot scale by the hydrothermal process. Its adsorption capacity without modification was 149 mg P-PO4/g zeolite and 349 mg K/g zeolite. With the change, there was a fourfold increase in these results, which were up to threefold higher than reported in the literature. The kinetic model that best characterized the adsorption process was the intraparticle diffusion model, and the equilibrium isotherm was that of Freundlich. The adsorption tests performed with industrial effluent showed high removal of the nutrients of interest (&gt; 90% for PO43- and &gt; 95% for K+). The desorption tests with zeolites nutrient-loaded from synthetic solutions showed 13 to 24% PO43- and 14 to 47% K+ release within 24 h, while for zeolite nutrient-loaded from effluent the release were 7 and 100% for PO43- and K+, respectively.